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今天看到大家都在求某豬的時(shí)間管理指南，小管家表示，看完今天我們的學(xué)術(shù)論文指南，保你從此告別通宵趕論文趕出黑眼圈!

話不多說(shuō)，趕緊進(jìn)入今天的主題吧!大家記得收藏哦!

-----一條沒(méi)有感情的干活分割線-----

1、避免使用反問(wèn)句、設(shè)問(wèn)句

例如：What’s the objective of the information? Is it to makepeople more confused and astray? I partly agree with theauthor’s contention that the enormous and otiose information sometimes render people lose their way and fail to consider question penetratingly and originally.

在作文的開(kāi)頭就扔出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后接下來(lái)的陳述卻與問(wèn)題基本毫無(wú)干系。作為讀者，首先要考慮那兩個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案到底是什么，然后才能往下讀。這些在中文里可能會(huì)被評(píng)作“引人入勝”的好詞好句，在英語(yǔ)的論文寫(xiě)作里面，可以說(shuō)是最大的敗筆之一。如果你一定要問(wèn)問(wèn)題的話，那就改成陳述句式，例如：Whether this issue is right or wrong? 可以改成：It has been a controversial issue that.....

2、避免集中使用“Be”動(dòng)詞

避免集中使用"Be"動(dòng)詞，包括is, are, has been, have been, etc.

例如：What is the purpose of education? Some people may say that the purpose of education should be to create a totally academic environment that separates from the outside world, for,they think, this situation allows students to focus on their academic research work without beingdisturbed by practical concerns. In fact, this suggestion is harmful to the scientific research work.

這是某一篇文章的開(kāi)頭。作者除了要注意不要使用疑問(wèn)句以外，還有很重要的一點(diǎn)：總共兩三句話，出現(xiàn)4個(gè)"Be"動(dòng)詞。這種寫(xiě)法，在英語(yǔ)里面被稱作"non-act"的動(dòng)詞。"Be" 僅僅表示一種狀態(tài)，例如："i am here", "you are there". 對(duì)于母語(yǔ)者來(lái)說(shuō)，"Be"動(dòng)詞其實(shí)就是寫(xiě)在紙上，而沒(méi)有任何感情色彩。所以應(yīng)該盡量避免成篇累牘地使用。我們的例子可以改為：

Some people argue that the purpose of education lies in its strength in creating a totally academic environment separated from the outside world. They think this situation allows students to focuson academic research by excluding outside disturbance from practical concerns. However, this suggestion in fact does harm to the scientific research work.

我們可以看到，使用了lie in, exclude, do harm to以后，句子更有色彩了。

3、避免重復(fù)使用單詞或者詞組

盡量避免重復(fù)使用單詞或者詞組。特別是近距離集中在某一兩句話里使用。

例如：The author argues that to understand one’s own culture, one must know about at leastone another culture which is distinctly different from one’s own culture. While as I am concerned, Ican’t agree with the author’s assertion.

這一個(gè)開(kāi)頭，總共兩行字，卻連續(xù)出現(xiàn)了4個(gè)One，3個(gè)culture。如果你把這段話大聲朗讀一下，就會(huì)覺(jué)得別扭、好笑了。連續(xù)使用相同的單詞或者詞組(包括短句)，體現(xiàn)的是作者詞匯量匱乏，寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格較差，遣詞造句能力不強(qiáng)。給讀者的感覺(jué)就是昏昏欲睡。

很容易的我們就可以改正：The author argues that the knowledge of another distinctly differentculture helps us to truly understand our own. However, I disagree with this assertion.

這句話把原來(lái)的三句分句合成了并無(wú)冗長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)的一句。精簡(jiǎn)的同時(shí)，也恰當(dāng)?shù)乇苊饬酥貜?fù)多次使用culture，one的問(wèn)題。用了"this assertion"，也避免了在近距離使用兩個(gè)"author"。

4、避免使用從句套從句的超長(zhǎng)句子

學(xué)術(shù)性的文章，應(yīng)當(dāng)避免追求華麗詞藻和句型。作為非母語(yǔ)者，我們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)感上面已經(jīng)處于劣勢(shì)。為了避免缺乏語(yǔ)感而造成的很多語(yǔ)法上面、句子結(jié)構(gòu)上面的小失誤，我們更應(yīng)該盡量避免使用長(zhǎng)句?？戳撕芏嘧髡叩奈恼?，長(zhǎng)句造成的后果通常有：?jiǎn)螐?fù)數(shù)混淆，it、that指代不清，從句兩頭時(shí)態(tài)不符，連接介詞錯(cuò)誤，等等。

例如：Things happened in the past, known as history, is great treasure for us huan beings,through and only through studying the past can we gain valuable experience which serves as ameans of guiding our development of the society.

例子中作者用了3處逗號(hào)，而事實(shí)上面，從句間關(guān)系并非密不可分。我們可以很輕松的分成三句話，作者寫(xiě)得安心，讀者讀得舒心，做到真正的言必達(dá)意。

History consists of the things happened in the past and it is a great treasure to human beings.Through and only through studying the past thoroughly can we gain valuable experience fromhistory. The historical experience serves as a means of guidance for the new development in thesociety.

5、避免陳詞濫調(diào)等廢話

例如：For getting a satisfying score, students have to prepare for and review their textsfrequently, remember all the knowledge they have learned deep in mind, enlarge their learning if itis possible and so on, especially when examinations are coming. All these efforts, no matter whattheir aims are, will surely lead to a corresponding paying back.

段中的這一句"no matter what their aims are"，在整個(gè)上下文表達(dá)上面沒(méi)有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性的意義，完完全全是句廢話。

6、引述的內(nèi)容不同，用不同的詞來(lái)指代

無(wú)論是寫(xiě)什么類(lèi)型的論文，我們都需要引述別人的觀點(diǎn)的觀點(diǎn)。在英語(yǔ)里有很多引述觀點(diǎn)的詞，如find，suggest, discover, support, show, indicate, cite, confirm等等，除了他們用于引述不同的內(nèi)容，意思區(qū)別，有很多詞還隱含作者本身的觀點(diǎn)，甚至有褒貶義，所以用的時(shí)候并不是完全通用的，下面就讓我們來(lái)分別看下吧。

(1)reporting research activities: (引述研究活動(dòng))

這類(lèi)詞有discuss, look at, examine, study, investigate, consider (+noun phrase)，一般后面加名次詞組，引述的內(nèi)容一般是別人做了一個(gè)什么樣的調(diào)查。

(2)reporting findings: (引述研究的發(fā)現(xiàn))

這類(lèi)詞有discover, find, suggest, indicate, show (+that…)，后面一般加that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，引述的內(nèi)容是別人做了研究以后得出的結(jié)論或者發(fā)現(xiàn)。

(3)reporting arguments: (引述論點(diǎn))

這類(lèi)詞有suggest, indicate, argue, point out, claim, note (+that)，右面一般也加that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，引述的內(nèi)容是別人的論點(diǎn)。

7、不同的詞不可以進(jìn)行互換

第二個(gè)問(wèn)題就是reporting arguments的時(shí)候，并不是所有的詞都是可以互換的，很多詞在潛意識(shí)中就已經(jīng)隱含了作者本人的觀點(diǎn)。具體來(lái)看一下：

(1)argue：中文里這個(gè)詞翻譯成“爭(zhēng)論”，感覺(jué)肯定不是中性的(想一下，面紅耳赤，像兩只公雞 )。但是argue在英文里恰恰就是個(gè)非常中性的詞，describing somebody’s reporting idea。所以引述別人的論點(diǎn)，比如“某某認(rèn)為…”“某某的觀點(diǎn)是…”，不摻入任何作者的感情色彩。

(2)claim和assert這兩個(gè)詞慎用!如果你說(shuō)“某某claims/asserts…”往往表示了你的反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn)。claim比assert稍稍好些，claim表示你不認(rèn)同某某的觀點(diǎn);而assert在中文里就翻譯成“宣稱”，也就是說(shuō)你不僅不認(rèn)同某某人的觀點(diǎn)，還認(rèn)為某某人簡(jiǎn)直就是無(wú)稽之談，胡扯八道，毫無(wú)理由。如果你用了這兩個(gè)詞，你就要舉出強(qiáng)有力的反對(duì)理由去反駁這個(gè)某某人的觀點(diǎn)，否則…我覺(jué)得還是不要那么強(qiáng)烈的把人家否定了。

(3)cite, refer, 和state。Cite和refer后面都要加引用的原文，也就是要用引號(hào)引起來(lái)的，而state則要paraphrase，也就是轉(zhuǎn)述，但不能用人家原來(lái)的語(yǔ)句。

8、時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題要注意

中國(guó)的語(yǔ)法教育，從來(lái)都是為語(yǔ)法而語(yǔ)法，語(yǔ)法正確，一切正確，事實(shí)上并不是這樣的。時(shí)態(tài)也能表現(xiàn)你的觀點(diǎn)。

引述一般有三種時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，過(guò)去時(shí)是最客觀的，因?yàn)榘l(fā)生在過(guò)去，你也用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)陳述，跟你有一定的距離，所以是比較客觀?？梢杂脕?lái)支持，也可以用來(lái)反駁。

如果你用了現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，就跟你扯上關(guān)系了，一般來(lái)說(shuō)或多或少表示你贊同這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。The research findings may correspond to the writer’s own opinion, the current state of knowledge or the research itself may be close to the writer’s own research.

記住一個(gè)問(wèn)題：雖然寫(xiě)argument的文章我們需要表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，但是你的觀點(diǎn)一定要客觀分析而來(lái)，而不是主觀的個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)。老外是很奇怪的，他們又希望你能表達(dá)出自己的看法，但是又要你的看法是要大家都能接受的，又要把你個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)巧妙的隱藏起來(lái)。

9、人物指代要清晰

中國(guó)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作最大的問(wèn)題，就是一篇短短200-400字的論文中，各種人物粉末登場(chǎng)，I，we，you輪番上陣，走馬觀花象跑龍?zhí)椎?，搞的老外頭昏腦漲。在formal writing中，為了使argument有說(shuō)服力，最好不要出現(xiàn)太多的人物——因?yàn)槟悴皇窃趯?xiě)小說(shuō)。下面就I，we，you的問(wèn)題分別討論一下。

We

Avoid ‘we’, because it is often unclear who ‘we’ refers to. You and your marker? You and a co-author? The whole world???

It is also very bad style to refer to yourself as ‘we’—writers sometimes do it when they have problems with their essay and they want to ‘distance; themselves from it, saying in effect, ‘Do not blame me for this result’.

Avoid ‘we must teach like this’ or ‘we should concluded that…’. If you do this, you are making two mistakes. First, you are telling your marker what to think and do (not a good idea) and second, you are limiting your own position. You are saying ‘things are defined and clear cut’, whereas they are often NOT!

You

Avoid ‘you’. It is too personal and conversational. That the ‘expert talking to learner’ style used in textbooks and handbooks is NOT appropriate in formal writing, since you are still a learner.

I

You can use ‘I’ at several points, but making certain the sentence refers to something you are, as a student and as the author of the assignment, responsible for. Thus you could put ‘I shall divide the argument into two main sections’ (you could also write ‘the argument is divided into two main sections’). On the other hand, you do not want to write, ‘I have argued elsewhere that adults learn grammar faster than children’, as this makes you sound like a world expert with 30 books published!

Try and avoid ‘I think X is a good idea’. We want you to argue the case WHY X is or is not appropriate, rather than simply assert(=state) that you think it is. This is one of the big differences between conversation and university assignments. In an assignment, you have to make sure you give the evidence for opinions and you need to use impersonal verbs like ‘seem’.

Thus you would write, ‘Smith would seem to be wrong in arguing that…’ or ‘This seems incorrect’, rather than ‘I think Smith is wrong’.

10、一些額外的注意事項(xiàng)

(1)Aviod "can","should"

大概是媒體語(yǔ)言看多了，中國(guó)人說(shuō)話自然而然帶了一種官腔。西方人同我們不同，他們希望看到的是你有什么具體的方法解決具體的問(wèn)題，而不是每天拿著小旗幟揮，喊slogan——我們應(yīng)該怎么樣，我們必須怎么樣——but HOW?

You can use 'can' to describe yourself as in this sentence: 'It is hoped that the essay CAN...'. However, you had better not use 'can' as in 'The teachers can do something...', which sounds like an order. The same or we say even worse with 'should'.

If you say 'the government should...', it would be a very bad style. You are learners but not policy makers--the only thing you can do is to argume or make suggestion but not ORDER/DEMAND/FORCE. What you can do is to argue convincingly and try your best to persuade others but not force them to believe. Don't make yourself so important--as you are, in fact, not important! You can try 'may''had better''might' more.

(2)Avoid emotional and poetic words

避免詩(shī)情畫(huà)意的用詞。在formal writing中，人就是人，沒(méi)必要說(shuō)a famous writer，也沒(méi)必要出現(xiàn)一些過(guò)于情緒化的詞語(yǔ)。

Avoiding emotive words can be difficult in a foreign language, but it is very important to try. Avoid words like ‘My dream is to answer this question’ or ‘I am starting this fascinating essay with a wonderful, and deeply enriching, tantalizing comment by the highly celebrated and world famous expert R. Smith’. You may personally think that Smith is wonderful and justly famous, but in an academic assignment, PEOPLE ARE JUST PEOPLE! Your argument depends on the content of your points, not on the fame or excitement of the topic, the author or your opinion.

(3)Avoid ‘some’

formal writing中，要使你的論據(jù)占的住腳，就避免模糊用語(yǔ)，例如some。

The British use ‘some’ in conversation all the time. BUT it does not have the same effect in writing. There, it appears weak; this makes you look as though you are not in control of your own argument. Try and use more positive expressions, like ‘a(chǎn) number of Ws’, ‘a(chǎn) series of Xs’, ‘several Ys’, ‘a(chǎn) range of Zs’.

(4)Aviod 'as we all know' 'it can not be denied' 'there is no denying that...' 'everyone knows'... 'only by doing this, can we...'

無(wú)論是什么考試的閱讀理解，大家應(yīng)該都有一個(gè)印象，就是如果出現(xiàn)“all” “only”這類(lèi)極端詞匯的選項(xiàng)，99.999999%肯定是錯(cuò)的。

Then why most of you keep using this kind of phrases in your essay? Remember, most likely, there is no single standard answer in social science--since people have different understandings towards different phenomena. Also, remember, the one you can represent is YOU yourself, but no one else. So you CAN'T say 'as we all know'! As I often DON'T know!

(5)Aviod 'as far as I am concerned' 'I think' 'in my opinion'

有人也許會(huì)奇怪，怎么這些也不能用?

The marker knows clearly that YOU have written this essay--so they know clearly that it is YOUR opinion! So why keep repeating these 廢話?記住，寫(xiě)作千萬(wàn)不要湊字?jǐn)?shù)。