在一篇論文或研究文章的方法部分，作者需要介紹自己是如何進(jìn)行研究的。方法部分應(yīng)該足夠清晰和詳細(xì)，以便讓另一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人重復(fù)研究和重現(xiàn)結(jié)果。如果所選擇的方法是新的、不熟悉的，甚至可能是有爭(zhēng)議的，或者目標(biāo)受眾來(lái)自許多學(xué)科的地方，方法部分將傾向于更廣泛。

　　下面是曼徹斯特大學(xué)官方公布的寫(xiě)作示例，是在一篇研究文章或論文的這一節(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的典型的文本延伸，以及用于這些內(nèi)容的語(yǔ)言類型的例子。注意，對(duì)于本節(jié)后面列出的許多功能類別，動(dòng)詞是用簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)寫(xiě)的，是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　1.描述以前使用過(guò)的方法：

　　Many researchers have utilised X to measure …

　　One of the most well-known tools for assessing …

　　Traditionally, X has been assessed by measuring ...

　　A number of techniques have been developed to …

　　Different methods have been proposed to classify …

　　X is the main non-invasive method used to determine ...

　　Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.

　　2.給出為什么采用了一種特定的方法的原因：

　　A major advantage of X is that …

　　The benefit of this approach is that …

　　The decision to use X was based on …

　　X based methods provide a means of …

　　X was selected for its reliability and validity.

　　3.用參考文獻(xiàn)來(lái)證明一種方法或一種方法：

　　Smith et al. (1994) identify several advantages of the case study ...

　　Jones (2012) argues that case studies are useful when the conditions of the research …

　　According to Smith (2011), semi-structured interviews have a wide-spread popularity in …

　　The sensitivity of the X technique has been demonstrated in a report by Smith et al. (2011).

　　4.指示使用一種已建立的方法：

　　The solution was then assayed for X using the Y method.

　　X was prepared according to the procedure used by Jones et al. (1957).

　　The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).

　　5.給出某一特定方法被拒絕的原因：

　　The limitation of this approach is that …

　　A disadvantage of many cohort studies is that …

　　A major problem with the experimental method is that ...

　　6.描述樣品的特征：

　　The cohort was divided into two groups according to ...

　　Articles were searched from January 1965 to April 2014.

　　7.指示選擇或納入的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　　Criteria for selecting the subjects were as follows:

　　Publications were only included in the analysis if…

　　The participants in this study were recruited from …

　　8.描述這個(gè)過(guò)程→被動(dòng)形式的典型動(dòng)詞：

　　All participants were sent …

　　The data were normalised using ...

　　Ethical approval was obtained from ...

　　Drugs were administered by ICV injection …

　　Descriptive data were generated for all variables.

　　9.描述順序詞：

　　10.描述使用+儀器過(guò)程：

　　All the work on the computer was carried out using ...

　　Data were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.

　　11.描述方式的副詞：

　　12.描述目的的不定式：

　　In order to investigate the effects of …

　　In order to identify …, the participants were asked to ...

　　To avoid …

　　To test whether …

　　To establish whether ...,

　　13.描述過(guò)程：表達(dá)目的：

　　For the next two questions, a Likert scale was used.

　　For the purpose of analysis, two segments were extracted from each ...

　　14.描述問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)：

　　The first question elicited information on …

　　Seven questions, adapted from X, assessed …

　　15.流程描述：統(tǒng)計(jì)程序：

　　The data were normalised using ...

　　A p value <0.05 was considered significant.

　　Descriptive data were generated for all variables.

　　16.指出方法上的問(wèn)題或限制：

　　In particular, the analysis of X was problematic.

　　In observational studies, there is a potential for bias from …

　　以上是在學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作中常常使用到的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，各位同學(xué)在寫(xiě)作把握不太大的情況下，也可以參考這些表達(dá)方式，讓自己的論文結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言組織更加合理。還有其他論文寫(xiě)作問(wèn)題，歡迎咨詢考而思一對(duì)一論文指導(dǎo)老師!