段落除了要具備思想(idea)和主題(topic)的統(tǒng)一性之外,還需要做到表達的連貫性。所謂段落的連貫性,指的是段落內(nèi)的句子自然地連接在一起(naturally and logically linked together)而不是散亂地堆積在一起。段落的連貫一般說來有兩層具體的含義
所謂邏輯連貫,指的是內(nèi)容和意義的內(nèi)在連貫。對于段落來說,每個句子都必須圍繞主題,同時要根據(jù)論述手法,采取合理的布局。在論述的過程中,要分清層次和順序,做到有條不紊地進行。例如,在舉例上,可以按照歷史的順序由遠及近;在論述上,可以從抽象到具體(演繹),也可以從具體到抽象(歸納)。總之,采取什么樣的論證方式,都必須符合一定的邏輯形式。
所謂形式連貫,指的是段落內(nèi)的每一個句子,在必要的時候都需要用到過渡意義的詞語(可以視連詞,也可以是副詞)(Transitional lexicon)實現(xiàn)句子形式上的連貫。這些連接詞種類多樣,有表達先后順序的,有表達因果關聯(lián)的,有表達轉折關聯(lián)的等等。總之,這些連詞就像膠水(glue)一樣,將段落內(nèi)的句子牢牢地粘合在一起,形成一個語義上的整體。以下面主題為介紹黃金的段落為例(特別注意劃線部分的連接詞(transitional words)
Gold is a precious metal with some important physicalcharacteristics. Firstly, it is shiningly beautiful and attractive. Thereforeit is highly suitable for making jewelry, coins and decorations. Contrasting to other metals such as iron and bronze, gold is especially resistant to rust;thus it does not need to be polished for use. This is the very reason why very ancient gold coins still remain unchanged in color. Another important characteristicis the wide usage in industrial production and scientific research. For example, gold has been widely used in chips and other important electronic components. On the whole, gold is one of the most popular and useful metal for human society.
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